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Battlefield Holidays in Italy

Once a primitive backwater, inhabited by hunter-gatherers living in caves, by the 8th century BC the Etruscans and Greeks had begun Italy’s transformation to the centre of the ancient world.
The Bay of Naples was one of the earliest Greek colonies and Syracuse in Sicily went on to become the most powerful of Greek settlements. The Etruscans concentrated more on the west coast around Tuscany and Lazio and, until the 6th century BC were the rulers of Rome.
The ultimate sack of the Roman Empire in 410 was followed by centuries of dynasties and battles with invaders from elsewhere in Europe. It wasn’t until 1870 that the Unification of Italy was finally completed, spearheaded by Giuseppe Garibaldi. Famous for his trademark red shirt, camicia rossa, Garibaldi is often likened to an Italian Che Guevara and played a central role in conquering Sicily and Naples in 1860. His last home was the idyllic Isola Caprera, Sardinia where he is also buried.
During World War l, the lives of over one million soldiers, mostly Italians and members of the Austro-Hungarian army were lost on the Italian Front between 1915 and 1918. The Italian Front extended from the Italian Alps on the Swiss border to Trentino-Alto Adige and on into Trieste in the east. This was the site of the largest-scale mountain warfare in history where not just the fighting, but harsh conditions, including avalanches (‘the white death’), claimed so many lives.
Trenches were built with snow and into the ice and southwest of Cortina d’Ampezzo, the Marmolada glacier was a year-round ice-city. As an aid to manoeuvring at high altitude, the first via ferrata — lines fixed to ladders and rock faces — were built in the Dolomites to help troops ascend the steep faces. In places such as Lagazuoi and Cinque Torri there are open air museums of trenches and relics alongside the via ferrata.
Italy's largest war memorial is at Sei Busi at Redipuglia, just inland from the Gulf of Trieste, an area that was the target of so much bitter fighting. Perched on monumental terraces are buried the remains of 100,187 fallen: 39,857 known and 60,330 unknown.
During WW ll, Sicily was the landing place of the Allies who then continued via Naples advancing north. Montecassino, about 80 miles south of Rome, was the site of one of the toughest battles fought in Western Europe and remains one of the most controversial. The battle took four months in 1944, estimated to have left a quarter of a million dead or wounded. Since this time the Abbey of Montecassino has been rebuilt and is a site of pilgrimage.